Linux Package Mamaneja

Munyaya ino, tichaona chii package mamaneja vari uye ongorora maviri eanonyanya kufarirwa mamaneja eLinux masisitimu: APT (Advanced Package Tool) uye YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Yakagadziridzwa). Isu tichadzidza iyo yakakosha misimboti yemashandisirwo eLinux mapakeji maneja, enzanisa maitiro avo uye zvakanakira, uye funga mienzaniso yekushandisa inoshanda, kusanganisira yekutanga mirairo uye mabasa ekugadzirisa mapakeji.

Package mamaneja Zvishandiso mumasisitimu anoshanda akagadzirirwa kubata kuisirwa, kugadzirisa, uye kubviswa kwezvikamu zvesoftware, inozivikanwa semapakeji. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mapakeji maneja anobatsira kuisa, kudzima, uye kugadzirisa software pakombuta. Mu Linux inoshanda sisitimu, vatariri vepakeji vanonyanya kukosha sezvavanoshandura maitiro, kuve nechokwadi chekuti mapurogiramu ese ari muhurongwa anoshanda pamwechete nemazvo uye pasina kupokana.

APT Package Maneja

General Information

APT ndiye maneja wepakeji yeDebian-based masisitimu anoshanda senge Debian uye Ubuntu, iyo inosanganisirawo zvakakodzera-kuwana uye apt-cache. Inoshandiswa kuisa, kubvisa, uye kubata software mapakeji. Kufanana chero chimwe chinoshandiswa paLinux, apt ine intuitive syntax:

apt command option package_name

Mirairo inonyanyozivikanwa inosanganisira:

update - zorodza runyorwa rwepakeji
upgrade - kusimudzira mapakeji akaiswa
install -isa mapakeji matsva
remove - bvisa pasuru
purge - bvisa pasuru pamwe chete nemafaira ayo ekugadzirisa
autoremove - bvisa mapakeji asina kushandiswa
search - tsvaga mapakeji

Iwe unogona kuwana ruzivo nezve yekutanga mirairo uchishandisa iyo batsira chikamu:

Kana nekuvhura bhuku rekushandisa:

man apt

Mubhuku rekushandisa, unogona kuzvijaira nemirairo yese iripo uye tsananguro yakadzama yega yega. Muenzaniso kuratidza:

Kunze kwemirairo yakakosha, vashandisi vanogona zvakare kushandisa imwe nharo - sarudzo. Hezvino zvimwe zvacho:

-y, --yes - inoshandiswa kusimbisa otomatiki zvese zvinokurudzirwa zvinogona kupihwa neAPT
-q, --quiet - inoita kuti kuburitsa kunyarara, kureva, kuderedza huwandu hweruzivo rwunoratidzwa pachiratidziri
-t, --target-release - inobvumira kutsanangura chinangwa chekushandisa system vhezheni yekuisa kana kugadzirisa mapakeji
-f - inomanikidza kuiswa kwemapakeji, kunyangwe paine zvisingagutsikane zvinotsamira
-c - inotsanangura faira yekumisikidza yekushandisa.

Mienzaniso Yekushandisa

Ngationgororei mimwe yemirairo uye sarudzo mukuita. Semuenzaniso, isu tichashandisa Python3. Kuti utange, unofanirwa kugadzirisa rondedzero yepakiti:

apt update

Mushure meizvozvo, unogona kuenderera nekuisa:

apt install python3

Kana paine chikonzero chekubvisa chishandiso ichi mune ramangwana, unogona kushandisa murairo kubvisa pasuru:

apt remove python3

Kana kuti bvisa pasuru pamwe chete nemafaira ayo ekugadzirisa. Uyu murairo unobvisa zvachose system yepakeji uye data rese rakabatana:

apt purge python3

Nekushandisa kwezuva nezuva, zvinokurudzirwa kuita zvigadziriso zveakaiswa mapakeji. Izvi zvinogona kufambiswa nemurairo:

apt upgrade

Inobatsira zvakaenzana murairo unobvisa mapakeji akaiswa seanotsamira asi haachadiwe chero pasuru:

apt autoremove

Funga nezvemienzaniso yakafanana, asi uchishandisa zvingasarudzwa.

Kugadziridza otomatiki kwerunyorwa rwepasuru:

apt-get update -y

Kugadziridza kwakanyarara kwemapakeji ese akaiswa:

apt-get upgrade -q

Kuisa pasuru inotsanangudza vhezheni yakanangana neiyo inoshanda sisitimu (semuenzaniso, Ubuntu 22.04):

apt-get install <package_name> -t jammy

mhedziso

Mukupedzisa chikamu pane APT package maneja, zvakakosha kucherechedza zvese zvakanakira uye zvazvakaipira. Zvakanakira zvinosanganisira:

1. Sarudzo yakafara yemapakeji: kuwana kune yepamutemo uye yechitatu-bato repositori;
2. Kureruka kwekushandisa: intuitive mirairo yekuisa, kugadzirisa, uye kubvisa;
3. Otomatiki manejimendi yekutsamira: inogadzirisa kutsamira pasina kupindira kwemushandisi;
4. Chengetedzo: inoshandisa cryptographic siginecha kuratidza huchokwadi hwepakeji.

Pakati pezvakashata, zvakakodzera kutaura:

1. Tsigiro shoma yemapakeji ebato rechitatu;
2. Zvishoma zvigadziriso zvichienzaniswa nevamwe vatariri vepakeji;
3. Kushaikwa kwerutsigiro rwezvimwe zvivakwa.

Pasinei nekukanganisa uku, APT inoramba iri imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa uye akavimbika epakeji manejimendi maturusi munyika yeLinux, ichipa vashandisi nyore uye nekubudirira mukuisa nekuvandudza software.

YUM Package Maneja

General Information

YUM ndiye maneja wepasuru yeLinux inoshanda sisitimu, yakagadziridzwa ne Red Hat yekugadzirisa kuiswa, kugadzirisa, uye kubvisa software. Iyo inoshanda seyakajairwa pasuru manejimendi chishandiso mukugovera senge RHEL, CentOS, uye Fedora.

Iyo syntax yemurairo iri nyore uye intuitive. Iyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemazwi akakosha uye ma paramita anotsanangura chiito chinoitwa nepakeji maneja. Ngationgororei mirairo mikuru mune zvakadzama.

Kuisa package:

yum install <package_name>

Kuvandudza pasuru:

yum update <package_name>

Kubvisa pasuru:

yum remove <package_name>

Kutsvaga pasuru neshoko rakakosha:

yum search <keyword>

Kunyora mapakeji akaiswa:

yum list

Iwe unogona kuzvijaira iwe nerunyorwa ruzere rwemirairo iripo mu batsira chikamu:

Pamusoro peiyo yakajairwa seti yemirairo, chishandiso chinotsigirawo mamwe masarudzo uye mireza. Heino mimwe mienzaniso yeizvi parameters:

-C - shandisa faira yekumisikidza
-q - dzvanya zvinobuda kuti uwedzere kunyarara
-y – kudzima interactivity
-v -gonesa verbose kubuda
-e -gonesa kuburitsa kwakawedzerwa

Mireza inonyanyozivikanwa inosanganisira:

--installroot - isa mapakeji mune yakatarwa dhairekitori
--releasever - isa mapakeji kubva kune yakatsanangurwa kuburitswa vhezheni
--exclude - usabvisa mapakeji akatsanangurwa kubva pakuiswa
--allowerasing - bvumidza kubviswa kwemapakeji akaiswa panguva yekuiswa kwezvitsva
--nogpgcheck -dzima GPG yekutarisa panguva yekuiswa kwepakeji

YUM inogadziriswa kuburikidza nemafaira ekugadzirisa:

1. /etc/yum.conf -iyi faira rine zvigadziriso zvepasi rose zvechirongwa.
2. /etc/yum.repos.d -iyi dhairekitori inochengetedza mafaera ekugadzirisa kune yega yega repository kubva kune iyo YUM inodhawunirodha mapakeji.

Mienzaniso Yekushandisa

Ngatishandisei Nginx sehwaro hwemienzaniso yedu. Kuisa pasuru, shandisa murairo:

yum install nginx

Kuratidza ruzivo rwepasuru:

yum info nginx

Ratidza runyorwa rwezvigadziriso zviripo zveNginx:

yum check-update nginx

Gadzirisa kune yazvino vhezheni:

yum update nginx

Bvisa purogiramu kubva kuhurongwa:

yum remove nginx

Gadziridza mapakeji ese akaiswa nemurairo unotevera:

yum update

Kana iwe uchingoda kutarisa kune zviripo zvigadziriso pasina kuzviisa:

yum check-update

Ngatienderere mberi kune mimwe mienzaniso yakaoma, inosanganisira maparamita uye mireza yakakurukurwa pakutanga.

Isa iyo nginx package isina kuburitsa uye pasina kusimbiswa, uchishandisa iyo yekumisikidza faira /etc/yum.conf:

yum -q -y -C install nginx

Gadziridza mapakeji ese, kusasanganisa kernel, ine yakadzama kubuda:

yum -v --exclude=kernel update

Bvisa iyo Apache package uye zvese zvinoenderana nayo, uchibvumira kubviswa kwemapakeji akaiswa panguva iyi:

yum -y remove httpd --allowerasing

pfupiso

Kufanana nechero chishandiso, YUM ine simba rayo uye kusasimba kwayo. Zvayakanakira zvinosanganisira:

1. YUM inopa yakapusa uye intuitive interface yekugadzirisa mapakeji.
2. Iyo inogadzirisa otomatiki kutsamira panguva yekuisa kana kubviswa kwemapakeji.
3. Iyo inobvumira kupinda kune epakati repositories ane zviuru zveakagadzirira-kushandisa-pakeji.
4. Inotsigira otomatiki yekuvandudza chimiro.

Izvo zvakashata zvinosanganisira:

1. Speed. Nguva yekuuraya inogona kunonoka, kunyanya kana uchibata nehombe yedata kana inononoka network.
2. Database updates. Mamwe mashandiro anoda kuvandudza dhatabhesi repakeji, izvo zvinogona kudzikamisa mafambiro epakeji.
3. Rutsigiro rushoma rwepakeji shanduro. YUM dzimwe nguva inongopa ekare epakeji shanduro, izvo zvinogona kunetsa kana iwe uchida yazvino vhezheni yesoftware.
4. Repository configuration. Dzimwe nguva kumisikidza mamwe magwaro anodiwa kuti uwane mamwe mapakeji kana shanduro.

Pakazere, YUM chishandiso chine simba uye chiri nyore chekugadzirisa mapakeji muRed Hat-based system, asi senge chero software, ine zvakanakira nezvayakaipira izvo zvinofanirwa kutariswa kana uchiishandisa.

Package Mamaneja Anodiwa

Ose ari maviri APT neYUM anoita basa rakakosha mukutonga software paLinux, ichipa nyore kuwana mapakeji uye zvigadziriso. Kunyangwe paine misiyano mu syntax uye maficha, aya mamaneja emapakeji anovimbisa kutungamira kwakanaka kwekutsamira uye software inogadziridza. Zvisinei nesarudzo, maneja wega wega wepakeji inoramba iri chishandiso chakakosha chekuisa akasiyana maapplication, kungave. Linux text editors kana chero imwe software.