Linux Package Managers

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gano abin da manajan kunshin su ne kuma bincika biyu daga cikin shahararrun manajoji don tsarin Linux: APT (Babban Kunshin Tool) da kuma YUM (Mai sabunta Yellowdog, Gyara). Za mu yi nazarin ainihin ƙa'idodin yadda manajojin fakitin Linux ke aiki, kwatanta fasalulluka da fa'idodin su, kuma muyi la'akari da misalan aikace-aikace masu amfani, gami da mahimman umarni da ayyuka don sarrafa fakiti.

Manajan kunshin kayan aiki ne a cikin tsarin aiki da aka ƙera don sarrafa shigarwa, sabuntawa, da cire abubuwan software, waɗanda aka sani da fakiti. A sauƙaƙe, manajojin fakiti suna taimakawa don girka, gogewa, da sabunta software akan kwamfuta. A cikin Linux aiki tsarin, Masu sarrafa kunshin suna da mahimmanci musamman yayin da suke sarrafa tsarin, tabbatar da cewa duk shirye-shiryen da ke cikin tsarin suna aiki tare daidai kuma ba tare da rikici ba.

Manajan Kunshin APT

Janar bayani

APT mai sarrafa fakiti ne don tsarin aiki na tushen Debian kamar Debian da kuma Ubuntu, wanda kuma ya hada da apt-get da kuma cache mai sauƙi. Ana amfani da shi don shigarwa, cirewa, da sarrafa fakitin software. Kamar kowane mai amfani akan Linux, apt yana da ma'anar fahimta:

apt command option package_name

Mafi yawan umarni sun haɗa da:

update – sabunta jerin fakitin
upgrade – haɓaka fakitin da aka shigar
install – shigar da sababbin fakiti
remove – cire kunshin
purge – Cire fakiti tare da fayilolin sanyinta
autoremove – cire fakitin da ba a amfani da su
search – bincika fakitin

Kuna iya samun bayanai game da ainihin umarni ta amfani da taimaka sashe:

Ko ta hanyar buɗe cikakken jagora:

man apt

A cikin littafin jagorar, zaku iya sanin kanku tare da duk samuwan umarni da cikakken bayanin kowane. Misali nuni:

Bayan ainihin umarni, masu amfani kuma za su iya amfani da ƙarin hujja - zaɓi. Ga wasu daga cikinsu:

-y, --yes - ana amfani dashi don tabbatar da duk abubuwan da APT zasu iya gabatarwa ta atomatik
-q, --quiet - yana sa fitarwa ta yi shuru, watau, yana rage adadin bayanan da aka nuna akan allon
-t, --target-release - yana ba da damar tantance sigar tsarin aiki da niyya don shigarwa ko sabunta fakiti
-f - tilasta shigar da fakiti, koda kuwa akwai abubuwan dogaro da ba su gamsu ba
-c – Yana ƙayyade fayil ɗin sanyi don amfani.

Misalan Amfani

Bari mu bincika wasu umarni da zaɓuɓɓuka a aikace. A matsayin misali, za mu yi amfani da Python3. Don farawa, kuna buƙatar sabunta jerin fakitin:

apt update

Bayan haka, zaku iya ci gaba da shigarwa:

apt install python3

Idan akwai buƙatar cire wannan kayan aiki a nan gaba, zaku iya amfani da umarnin don cire kunshin:

apt remove python3

Ko cire kunshin tare da fayilolin sanyinta. Wannan umarnin gaba ɗaya yana share tsarin kunshin da duk bayanan da ke da alaƙa:

apt purge python3

Don amfanin yau da kullun, ana ba da shawarar yin sabuntawar fakitin da aka shigar. Ana iya sauƙaƙe wannan ta hanyar umarni:

apt upgrade

Daidai da amfani shine umarnin da ke cire fakitin da aka shigar azaman abin dogaro amma ba'a buƙatar kowane fakiti:

apt autoremove

Yi la'akari da misalai iri ɗaya, amma amfani da zaɓuɓɓuka.

Sabuntawa ta atomatik na lissafin fakitin:

apt-get update -y

Sabunta shuru na duk fakitin da aka shigar:

apt-get upgrade -q

Shigar da fakitin da ke ƙayyadad da sigar tsarin aiki (misali, Ubuntu 22.04):

apt-get install <package_name> -t jammy

Kammalawa

A ƙarshen ɓangaren mai sarrafa fakitin APT, yana da kyau a lura da fa'idodi da rashin amfanin sa. Abubuwan amfani sun haɗa da:

1. Zaɓin fakiti masu yawa: samun dama ga ma'ajiyar hukuma da na ɓangare na uku;
2. Sauƙin amfani: umarni masu hankali don shigarwa, sabuntawa, da cirewa;
3. Gudanar da abubuwan dogaro ta atomatik: yana warware abubuwan dogaro ba tare da sa hannun mai amfani ba;
4. Tsaro: yana amfani da sa hannun sirri don tabbatar da sahihancin fakiti.

Daga cikin rashin amfani, yana da kyau a ambaci:

1. Tallafi mai iyaka don fakiti na ɓangare na uku;
2. Sabuntawa a hankali idan aka kwatanta da wasu manajojin fakitin;
3. Rashin tallafi ga wasu gine-gine.

Duk da waɗannan gazawar, APT ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun kuma amintattun kayan aikin sarrafa fakiti a cikin duniyar Linux, tana ba masu amfani dacewa da inganci wajen shigarwa da sabunta software.

YUM Package Manager

Janar bayani

YUM manajan fakiti ne na tsarin aiki na Linux, wanda ya haɓaka ta Red Hat don sarrafa shigarwa, sabuntawa, da cire software. Yana aiki azaman daidaitaccen kayan aikin sarrafa fakiti a cikin rabawa kamar RHEL, CentOS, Da kuma Fedora.

Rubutun umarnin yana da sauƙi kuma mai fahimta. Ya ƙunshi mahimman kalmomi da sigogi waɗanda ke ayyana aikin da mai sarrafa fakitin ya yi. Bari mu bincika manyan umarni dalla-dalla.

Shigar da kunshin:

yum install <package_name>

Ana sabunta kunshin:

yum update <package_name>

Cire kunshin:

yum remove <package_name>

Neman kunshin ta keyword:

yum search <keyword>

Lissafin fakitin da aka shigar:

yum list

Kuna iya sanin kanku da cikakken jerin umarni da ake samu a cikin taimaka sashe:

Baya ga daidaitattun saitin umarni, kayan aikin kuma yana goyan bayan ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka da tutoci. Ga wasu misalan waɗannan sigogi:

-C - yi amfani da fayil ɗin sanyi
-q – kashe fitarwa don ƙarin shiru
-y – kashe mu’amala
-v – ba da damar fitowar magana
-e – kunna Extended fitarwa

Tutoci da aka fi sani sun haɗa da:

--installroot – shigar da fakiti a cikin ƙayyadadden jagorar
--releasever – shigar da fakiti daga takamaiman sigar saki
--exclude – ware takamaiman fakiti daga shigarwa
--allowerasing - ba da izinin cire fakitin da aka shigar yayin shigar da sababbi
--nogpgcheck – musaki duba GPG yayin shigar da kunshin

An saita YUM ta fayilolin sanyi:

1. /etc/yum.conf – wannan fayil ya ƙunshi saitunan duniya don shirin.
2. /da dai sauransu/yum.repos.d - wannan kundin adireshi yana adana fayilolin sanyi don kowane ma'ajiyar kayan aikin da YUM ke sauke fakitin.

Misalan Amfani

Bari mu yi amfani da Nginx a matsayin tushen misalan mu. Don shigar da kunshin, yi amfani da umarnin:

yum install nginx

Nuna bayanin fakiti:

yum info nginx

Nuna jerin abubuwan sabuntawa don Nginx:

yum check-update nginx

Yi sabuntawa zuwa sabon sigar:

yum update nginx

Cire shirin daga tsarin:

yum remove nginx

Sabunta duk fakitin da aka shigar tare da umarni mai zuwa:

yum update

Idan kawai kuna son bincika sabbin abubuwan sabuntawa ba tare da shigar da su ba:

yum check-update

Bari mu ci gaba zuwa ƙarin misalan misalan da suka haɗa da sigogi da tutoci da aka tattauna a baya.

Shigar da kunshin nginx ba tare da fitarwa ba kuma ba tare da tabbatarwa ba, ta amfani da fayil ɗin sanyi /etc/yum.conf:

yum -q -y -C install nginx

Sabunta duk fakiti, ban da kernel, tare da cikakken fitarwa:

yum -v --exclude=kernel update

Cire fakitin Apache da duk abin dogaronsa, yana barin cire fakitin da aka shigar yayin wannan aikin:

yum -y remove httpd --allowerasing

Summary

Kamar kowane kayan aiki, YUM yana da ƙarfi da rauni. Amfaninsa sun haɗa da:

1. YUM yana ba da sauƙi mai sauƙi da fahimta don sarrafa fakiti.
2. Yana sarrafa abubuwan dogaro ta atomatik yayin shigarwa ko cire fakiti.
3. Yana ba da damar samun dama ga ma'ajiyar ajiya mai ɗauke da dubban fakitin shirye-shiryen amfani.
4. Yana goyan bayan fasalin sabuntawa ta atomatik.

Abubuwan hasara sun haɗa da:

1. Gudu. Lokacin aiwatarwa na iya zama a hankali, musamman lokacin da ake mu'amala da ɗimbin bayanai ko jinkirin cibiyoyin sadarwa.
2. Sabunta bayanan bayanai. Wasu ayyuka suna buƙatar sabunta bayanan fakitin, wanda zai iya rage tsarin sarrafa fakitin.
3. Tallafi mai iyaka don nau'ikan fakiti. Wani lokaci YUM yana ba da tsofaffin nau'ikan fakitin kawai, wanda zai iya zama matsala idan kuna buƙatar sabuwar sigar software.
4. Tsarin ma'ajiya. Wani lokaci kafa ƙarin ma'ajiya yana da mahimmanci don samun dama ga wasu fakiti ko sigogi.

Gabaɗaya, YUM kayan aiki ne mai ƙarfi da dacewa don sarrafa fakiti a cikin tsarin tushen Red Hat, amma kamar kowace software, yana da fa'idodi da rashin amfani waɗanda yakamata a yi la'akari yayin amfani da su.

Manajojin Kunshin Yana Bukatar

Dukansu APT da YUM suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa software akan Linux, suna ba da dama ga fakiti da sabuntawa. Duk da bambance-bambance a cikin syntax da fasali, waɗannan manajojin fakitin suna tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafa abubuwan dogaro da sabunta software. Ko da kuwa zaɓin, kowane manajan fakiti ya kasance kayan aiki da ba makawa don shigar da aikace-aikace iri-iri, ko Masu gyara rubutu na Linux ko wani software.