Ṣiṣeto faili .htaccess

Ninu àpilẹkọ yii, a yoo ṣawari awọn ilana ipilẹ ti lilo faili .htaccess, eyiti o ṣe pataki fun igbelaruge SEO. Faili yii ṣe idaniloju itọka to dara ti awọn oju-iwe nipasẹ awọn ẹrọ wiwa. A yoo kọ ẹkọ bi a ṣe le ṣakoso awọn àtúnjúwe, tunto aabo, ati igbelaruge iṣẹ. Ni afikun, a yoo pese awọn imọran lori bi o ṣe le tunto faili yii ni ominira.

Kini idi ti .htaccess nilo

Faili .htaccess n ṣiṣẹ bi iru “iṣakoso latọna jijin” fun awọn olupilẹṣẹ wẹẹbu lori awọn olupin Apache. O nfunni awọn irinṣẹ irọrun fun ṣiṣatunṣe ọpọlọpọ awọn ayeraye ati iṣakoso ihuwasi ti oju opo wẹẹbu kan. Nigbati wiwọle taara si awọn faili iṣeto akọkọ ti olupin ko si (gẹgẹbi igbagbogbo ọran pẹlu alejo gbigba foju, fun apẹẹrẹ), .htaccess di ohun elo to wulo fun ṣiṣe awọn ayipada to ṣe pataki.

Htaccess nigbagbogbo wa ninu folda root ti aaye rẹ tabi ninu awọn folda nibiti o nilo iṣeto pataki. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ti o ba lo Wodupiresi, iṣeto le ṣee ṣe nipasẹ ohun itanna Yoast SEO, eyiti a jiroro ninu nkan lori Ṣiṣeto awọn roboti.txt. Ni awọn igba miiran, o to lati lọ si folda ti a beere ati ṣatunkọ faili .htaccess ti o wa tẹlẹ, tabi ṣẹda ti ko ba ti ṣẹda sibẹsibẹ.

Ṣiṣeto faili .htaccess

301 àtúnjúwe htaccess

Atunsọ 301 ninu faili .htaccess le ṣe afiwe si itusilẹ ayeraye lori oju opo wẹẹbu kan. O sọfun awọn ẹrọ wiwa ati awọn aṣawakiri pe oju-iwe naa ti wa ni ayeraye ni adiresi tuntun kan ati daba pe awọn bukumaaki imudojuiwọn ati titọka. Irú àtúnjúwe bẹ́ẹ̀ ni a sábà máa ń lò nígbà tí a bá gbé ojú-ewé tàbí píparẹ́ láti tọ́jú ipò rẹ̀ nínú àwọn àbájáde ìṣàwárí àti àtúnjúwe àwọn àbẹ̀wò sí ibi tuntun.

Lati mu awọn àtúnjúwe ṣiṣẹ, o nilo lati mu aṣẹ ti o baamu ṣiṣẹ ninu faili .htaccess:

RewriteEngine on

Lẹhin iyẹn, o le tunto ọna atunṣe ti o rọrun julọ:

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
Redirect 301 /old-page.html /new-page.html
</IfModule>

A iru àtúnjúwe lilo awọn ÀtúnjúwePermanent Ilana naa dabi eyi:

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
Redirect permanent /old-page.html http://new-domain.ru/new-page.html
</IfModule>

Iwọnyi jẹ awọn ọna àtúnjúwe to rọọrun lati tunto. Jẹ ká ro a iṣeto ni ti o nlo miiran, diẹ to ti ni ilọsiwaju orisi ti redirections pẹlu awọn mod_rewrite modulu:

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
    
# Redirecting from one page to another
RewriteRule ^old-page.html$ http://www.example.com/new-page.html [R=301,L]

# Redirecting all traffic from one domain to another
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^oldsite.com$ [OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.oldsite.com$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.newsite.com/$1 [R=301,L]
    
# Redirecting from www to non-www (or vice versa)
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.example.com$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://example.com/$1 [R=301,L]

# Redirecting from HTTP to HTTPS
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.example.com/$1 [R=301,L]

# Redirecting from one subdomain to another
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^subdomain1.example.com$
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://subdomain2.example.com/$1 [R=301,L]
</IfModule>

A 302 àtúnjúwe .htaccess, ti o nfihan iṣipopada igba diẹ, ti wa ni alabapade pupọ diẹ sii nigbagbogbo. Eyi ni apẹẹrẹ ti iru eto:

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^old-page.html$ /new-page.html [R=302,L]
</IfModule>

Aṣiṣe Itọsọna

Eto yii ngbanilaaye lati ṣakoso ohun ti olumulo n rii nigbati awọn aṣiṣe HTTP ba waye lori aaye rẹ. Dipo ifiranṣẹ aṣiṣe boṣewa, o le ṣafihan oju-iwe tirẹ, eyiti yoo jẹ alaye diẹ sii fun alejo ati ṣe iranlọwọ fun wọn lati loye ohun ti o ṣẹlẹ. Kan tẹle sintasi yii fun lilo:

ErrorDocument <error_code> <URL_page>

Fun apere,

ErrorDocument 404 /errors/not_found.html

Itumo si wipe nigbati a 404 aṣiṣe waye, oju-iwe ni /aṣiṣe/not_found.html yoo ṣii. Awọn URL pipe ti wa ni pato bakanna:

ErrorDocument 500 http://example.com/errors/server_error.html

Yi apẹẹrẹ tọkasi awọn ifihan ti awọn server_error.html iwe ni http://example.com/errors/ ninu iṣẹlẹ ti a 500 aṣiṣe.

Kiko Wiwọle si Itọsọna Aye kan

Faili .htaccess ni aṣẹ naa Kọ lati gbogbo, eyiti o ṣe iranlọwọ lati kọ iraye si awọn folda kan tabi awọn faili lori olupin wẹẹbu rẹ. Eyi le wulo ti o ba fẹ tọju alaye ikọkọ tabi awọn faili pataki lati ọdọ awọn alejo aaye lati rii daju aabo data.

Lati mu kikojọ ṣiṣẹ (wiwo gbogbo awọn ilana ti o wa), o nilo lati ṣafikun laini naa:

Options -Indexes

Apeere ti idinamọ wiwọle si itọsọna kan pato dabi eyi:

<Directory /path_to_your_directory>
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
</Directory>

Bakanna, o le kọ iraye si faili kan:

<Files "file.php">
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
</Files>

Tabi fun ọpọlọpọ awọn faili nipasẹ itẹsiwaju:

<FilesMatch "\.(txt|log|bak)$"> # Select the desired extensions, in the example: txt, log, bak
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
</FilesMatch>

Ìdènà Wiwọle nipasẹ IP

Idilọwọ wiwọle nipasẹ IP ni faili .htaccess jẹ ọna ti o fun ọ laaye lati ni ihamọ wiwọle si aaye ayelujara rẹ fun awọn adirẹsi IP pato tabi awọn ẹgbẹ wọn. Eyi le wulo ti o ba fẹ ṣe idiwọ iraye si aaye rẹ tabi awọn ẹya ara rẹ pato fun awọn eniyan kan tabi awọn bot aifẹ.

Dinamọ adiresi IP kan jẹ ṣiṣe pẹlu aṣẹ:

Order Deny,Allow
Allow from all
Deny from 11.22.33.44

Dinamọ ọpọlọpọ awọn adirẹsi IP ni a ṣe bakanna nipasẹ ṣiṣe ẹda "Kọ lati"Laini pẹlu awọn adirẹsi ti a beere.

Fun idinamọ ọpọlọpọ awọn adiresi IP:

Order Deny,Allow
Allow from all
Deny from 11.11.11.11/24

Lati gba aaye laaye fun awọn IP kan pato, ṣafikun koodu naa:

Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from 11.22.33.44

Fun pipe kiko wiwọle, lo itọsọna naa Kọ lati gbogbo, ati fun didi awọn adirẹsi nipasẹ iboju-boju, pato Kọ lati 11.22.

Nibo ni, 11.22 ni IP adirẹsi boju.

Idilọwọ awọn alejo nipasẹ Olumulo-Aṣoju

Idilọwọ awọn olumulo nipasẹ Olumulo-Aṣoju ninu faili .htaccess jẹ ọna ti iṣakoso ti o le wọle si olupin wẹẹbu rẹ ti o da lori alaye nipa aṣawakiri ti alejo nlo. Okun Olumulo-Aṣoju ni data ninu nipa ẹrọ aṣawakiri ti eniyan nlo lati ṣe ajọṣepọ pẹlu olupin rẹ, ati pe ọpẹ si alaye yii, o le ni ihamọ iwọle fun awọn olumulo kan.

Ọna ti o wọpọ julọ lati dènà nipasẹ Olumulo-Aṣoju ni lati lo mod_rewrite:

<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Bot1 [NC,OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Bot2 [NC,OR]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Bot3 [NC]
RewriteRule ^.*$ - [F,L]
</IfModule>

Ninu apẹẹrẹ yii:

1. RewriteCond%{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ni a lo lati ṣayẹwo okun Olumulo-Aṣoju.
2. ^Bot1, ^Bot2, ^Bot3 jẹ apẹẹrẹ ti awọn gbolohun ọrọ Olumulo-Aṣoju ti a fẹ lati dènà. Awọn oluyipada NC tọka pe lafiwe yẹ ki o jẹ aibikita ọran.
3. RewriteRule ^.*$ - [F,L] kan si ibeere ti eyikeyi awọn ipo RewriteCond ba pade. O fi esi kan ranṣẹ pẹlu 403 Ewọ ipo koodu (F) ati ki o da processing awọn ofin (L).

Caching ni htaccess

Ṣiṣeto caching nipasẹ faili .htaccess ṣe iranlọwọ fun iyara aaye rẹ nipa ṣiṣe ki o fifuye yiyara fun awọn olumulo. O ṣiṣẹ bii eyi: awọn faili kan, gẹgẹbi awọn aworan, awọn aṣa CSS, ati awọn iwe afọwọkọ JavaScript, ti wa ni ipamọ ninu kaṣe aṣawakiri olumulo lẹhin fifuye akọkọ. Bayi ẹrọ aṣawakiri le lo awọn faili wọnyi lati kaṣe, dipo kikojọpọ wọn lati olupin ni gbogbo igba ti olumulo ba ṣabẹwo si oju-iwe kan. Eyi dinku akoko ikojọpọ ati ilọsiwaju iṣẹ aaye.

Gbé àpẹẹrẹ kan yẹ̀ wò:

# Enable caching for images for 1 month
<FilesMatch "\.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|svg)$">
Header set Cache-Control "max-age=2592000, public"
</FilesMatch>

# Enable caching for CSS and JavaScript for 1 week
<FilesMatch "\.(css|js)$">
Header set Cache-Control "max-age=604800, public"
</FilesMatch>

Fun awọn orisun ti a ṣe imudojuiwọn nigbagbogbo, ni apa keji, o jẹ dandan lati mu caching kuro:

# Excluding caching for HTML pages and XML files
<FilesMatch "\.(html|xml)$">
Header set Cache-Control "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate"
Header set Pragma "no-cache"
Header set Expires "0"
</FilesMatch>

Ti o dara ju Aye Performance

awọn mod_deflate ati mod_gzip awọn modulu ni Apache ṣe iranlọwọ fun compress alaye ti olupin naa firanṣẹ si awọn ẹrọ olumulo. Eyi jẹ ki awọn faili kere si ni iwọn, eyiti o mu ki awọn ikojọpọ oju-iwe ṣe iyara. Sibẹsibẹ, o ṣe pataki lati ranti pe atilẹyin ati iṣeto ni awọn modulu wọnyi le yatọ si da lori olupin rẹ.

Apẹẹrẹ ti lilo awọn mod_deflate modulu:

<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
# Compressing text file types
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/xml
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xhtml+xml
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/rss+xml
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-javascript
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-httpd-php
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-httpd-fastphp
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE image/svg+xml
</IfModule>

Apeere fun mod_gzip:

<IfModule mod_gzip.c>
mod_gzip_on Yes
mod_gzip_dechunk Yes
mod_gzip_item_include file .(html?|txt|css|js|php|pl)$ # Enabling compression for files with extensions .html, .txt, .css, .js, .php, .pl
mod_gzip_item_include mime ^application/x-javascript.* # Enabling compression for MIME types starting with application/x-javascript
mod_gzip_item_include mime ^text/.* # Enabling compression for MIME types starting with text/
mod_gzip_item_exclude mime ^image/.* # Excluding from compression MIME types starting with image/
mod_gzip_item_exclude rspheader ^Content-Encoding:.*gzip.* # Excluding already compressed data (responses with the Content-Encoding: gzip header)
</IfModule>

A jiroro lori awọn itọsọna ti o wọpọ julọ. O le mọ ara rẹ pẹlu gbogbo awọn agbara ti awọn faili ninu awọn awọn iwe aṣẹ osise.

Bii o ṣe le Ṣayẹwo Iṣiṣẹ ti Faili .htaccess

Lati ṣayẹwo boya faili .htaccess rẹ n ṣiṣẹ lori aaye naa, o le ṣe awọn igbesẹ wọnyi:

1. Mọọmọ yi faili .htaccess pada pẹlu aṣiṣe kan. Ni idahun, olupin yẹ ki o fun aṣiṣe kan. Ọna yii fihan boya iṣẹ ṣiṣe faili naa jẹ lilo ni gbogbogbo lori olupin naa.
2. Ṣayẹwo iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti awọn ayipada kan pato ti o ti ṣe. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ṣe atunṣe kekere si ọkan ninu awọn paramita ati ṣe ayẹwo wiwa awọn ayipada.
3. Ṣayẹwo koodu ipo ti oju-iwe naa ti awọn iyipada ba ni ibatan si esi olupin naa. Bii o ṣe le ṣe eyi, a ti ṣalaye tẹlẹ ninu nkan naa Awọn koodu aṣiṣe HTTP: atokọ pipe ti awọn aṣiṣe olupin.
4. Tọkasi awọn akọọlẹ olupin. Wọn ṣe afihan gbogbo awọn aṣiṣe ti o ni ibatan si iṣẹ ti faili .htaccess.
5. Ṣe idanwo ni lilo awọn iṣẹ ori ayelujara tabi awọn irinṣẹ.

O ṣe pataki lati ni oye pe lati ṣayẹwo iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti faili .htaccess, iwọ ko nilo lati ṣe gbogbo awọn igbesẹ ni ẹẹkan. O to lati yan ọna ti o dara julọ lati atokọ ki o lo.

ipari

Ṣiṣeto faili .htaccess jẹ igbesẹ pataki ni iṣapeye ati idaabobo olupin Apache rẹ. A ti ṣawari bawo ni faili yii ṣe ṣe iranlọwọ lati ṣakoso awọn àtúnjúwe, compress akoonu, ati rii daju aabo. Ni kete ti o ba ṣakoso ṣiṣẹ pẹlu .htaccess, o gba ohun elo ti o lagbara fun imudarasi iṣẹ ati iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti awọn oju opo wẹẹbu.