Abaphathi bePakethe yeLuxux

Kweli nqaku, siza kufumanisa ukuba yintoni na Abaphathi beephakeji kwaye ujonge ababini abona baphathi badumileyo kwiinkqubo zeLinux: I-APT (iSixhobo sePakethi esiPhezulu) kwaye I-YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified). Siza kufunda imigaqo esisiseko yendlela abaphathi bepakethe yeLinux abasebenza ngayo, thelekisa iimpawu zabo kunye nezinto eziluncedo, kwaye siqwalasele imizekelo yesicelo esisebenzayo, kubandakanya imiyalelo esisiseko kunye nemisebenzi yokulawula iipakethe.

Abaphathi bephakheji zizixhobo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza eziyilelwe ukulawula ufakelo, uhlaziyo, kunye nokususwa kwezixhobo zesoftware, ezaziwa njengepakethe. Ukubeka nje, abaphathi bepakethe bancedisa ukufaka, ukucima, kunye nokuhlaziya isoftware kwikhompyuter. Kwi Inkqubo yokusebenza yeLinux, abaphathi bephakheji babaluleke kakhulu njengoko benza ngokuzenzekelayo inkqubo, beqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkqubo kwinkqubo zisebenza kunye ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngaphandle kweengxabano.

Umphathi wePakeji ye-APT

Inkcazelo ngokuthe gabalala

APT ngumphathi wepakethe yeDebian-based operating systems njenge Debian kwaye Ubuntu, equka kwakhona ukufumana ngokufanelekileyo kwaye i-apt-cache. Isetyenziselwa ukufaka, ukususa, kunye nokulawula iipakethe zesoftware. Njengayo nayiphi na enye into eluncedo kwiLinux, i-apt ine-syntax enembile:

apt command option package_name

Eyona miyalelo ixhaphakileyo iquka:

update – hlaziya uluhlu lwepakethe
upgrade – phucula iipakethe ezifakiweyo
install – faka iipakethe ezintsha
remove – susa ipakethe
purge - susa ipakethe kunye neefayile zayo zoqwalaselo
autoremove – susa iipakethe ezingasetyenziswanga
search – khangela iipakethe

Ungafumana ulwazi malunga nemiyalelo esisiseko usebenzisa i Nceda icandelo:

Okanye ngokuvula imanyuwali ebanzi:

man apt

Kwincwadana, unokuziqhelanisa nayo yonke imiyalelo ekhoyo kunye nenkcazo eneenkcukacha nganye. Umzekelo wokubonisa:

Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo esisiseko, abasebenzisi banokusebenzisa impikiswano eyongezelelweyo - ukhetho. Nazi ezinye zazo:

-y, --yes – esetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ngokuzenzekelayo zonke izindululo ezinokuziswa yi-APT
-q, --quiet – yenza imveliso izolile, oko kukuthi, inciphisa ubuninzi bolwazi oluboniswe kwisikrini
-t, --target-release - ivumela ukucacisa uguqulelo lwenkqubo yokusebenza ekujoliswe kuyo yokuhlohla okanye ukuhlaziya iipakethe
-f - inyanzelisa ukufakwa kweepakethi, nokuba kukho ukuxhomekeka okunganelisekanga
-c – ixela ifayile yoqwalaselo eza kuyisebenzisa.

Imizekelo yokusebenzisa

Makhe sihlolisise eminye yemiyalelo kunye neenketho zokusebenza. Njengomzekelo, siya kusebenzisa iPython3. Ukuqala, kufuneka uhlaziye uluhlu lwepakethe:

apt update

Emva koko, ungaqhubeka nofakelo:

apt install python3

Ukuba kukho imfuneko yokususa esi sixhobo kwixesha elizayo, ungasebenzisa umyalelo ukususa ipakethe:

apt remove python3

Okanye susa ipakethe kunye neefayile zayo zoqwalaselo. Lo myalelo ususa ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yempahla kunye nayo yonke idatha enxulumeneyo:

apt purge python3

Ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke, kuyacetyiswa ukuba wenze ukuhlaziywa kweepakethi ezifakiwe. Oku kunokwenziwa lula ngumyalelo:

apt upgrade

Iluncedo ngokulinganayo ngumyalelo osusa iipakethe ezifakwe njengokuxhomekeka kodwa azisafuneki kuyo nayiphi na ipakethe:

apt autoremove

Cinga ngemizekelo efanayo, kodwa usebenzisa iinketho.

Uhlaziyo oluzenzekelayo loluhlu lwepakethe:

apt-get update -y

Uhlaziyo oluzolileyo lwazo zonke iipakethe ezifakiweyo:

apt-get upgrade -q

Ukufakela ipakethe echaza uguqulelo ekujoliswe kulo lwenkqubo yokusebenza (umzekelo, Ubuntu 22.04):

apt-get install <package_name> -t jammy

isiphelo

Ekuqukumbeleni icandelo kumphathi wephakheji ye-APT, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele zombini iingenelo kunye nokungalunganga. Izibonelelo ziquka:

1. Ukhetho olubanzi lweepakethe: ukufikelela kwiindawo zokugcina ezisemthethweni kunye nomntu wesithathu;
2. Ukusebenziseka ngokulula: imiyalelo ecacileyo yofakelo, uhlaziyo, kunye nokususwa;
3. Ulawulo oluzenzekelayo lokuxhomekeka: ukusombulula ukuxhomekeka ngaphandle kokungenelela komsebenzisi;
4. Ukhuseleko: isebenzisa utyikityo lwe-cryptographic ukuqinisekisa ubunyani bepakethe.

Phakathi kwezinto ezingalunganga, kubalulekile ukukhankanya:

1. Inkxaso encinci yeepakethe zomntu wesithathu;
2. Uhlaziyo olucothayo xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abaphathi bepakethe;
3. Ukunqongophala kwenkxaso kwezinye izakhiwo.

Ngaphandle kwezi ntsilelo, i-APT ihlala yenye yezona zixhobo zidumileyo nezithembekileyo zolawulo lwepakethe kwihlabathi leLinux, ibonelela abasebenzisi ngokulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekufakeni nasekuhlaziyeni isoftware.

Umphathi wePakeji ye-YUM

Inkcazelo ngokuthe gabalala

YUM ngumphathi wempahla yendlela yokusebenza ye Linux, ephuhliswe ngu Red Hat yokulawula ufakelo, uhlaziyo, kunye nokususwa kwesoftware. Isebenza njengesixhobo solawulo lwepakethe esemgangathweni kunikezelo olunje RHEL, CentOS, yaye Fedora.

Isivakalisi somyalelo silula kwaye siyaqondakala. Ikakhulu iqulathe amagama angundoqo kunye neeparamitha ezichaza isenzo esenziwe ngumphathi wepakethe. Makhe sihlolisise imiyalelo ephambili ngokweenkcukacha.

Kuhlohlwa ipakethe:

yum install <package_name>

Ukuhlaziya ipakethe:

yum update <package_name>

Ukususa ipakethe:

yum remove <package_name>

Ukukhangela ipakethe ngegama elingundoqo:

yum search <keyword>

Udweliso lweepakethe ezifakiweyo:

yum list

Uyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa noluhlu olupheleleyo lwemiyalelo ekhoyo kwi Nceda icandelo:

Ukongeza kwiseti esemgangathweni yemiyalelo, isixhobo sikwaxhasa iinketho ezongezelelweyo kunye neeflegi. Nantsi eminye imizekelo yezi parameters:

-C – sebenzisa ifayile yoqwalaselo
-q – cinezela imveliso ukuze uzole okongeziweyo
-y - khubaza ukusebenzisana
-v -vula imveliso yeverbose
-e -vumela imveliso eyandisiweyo

Iiflegi eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

--installroot – faka iipakethe kuluhlu oluchaziweyo
--releasever -Fakela iipakethe kuhlobo oluthile lokukhululwa
--exclude – ungabandakanyi iipakethe ezikhankanyiweyo kufakelo
--allowerasing – vumela ukususwa kweepakethe ezifakiweyo ngexesha lokufakwa kwezitsha
--nogpgcheck -Khubaza ukujonga i-GPG ngexesha lofakelo lwephakheji

I-YUM iqwalaselwe ngeefayile zoqwalaselo:

1. /etc/yum.conf – le fayile iqulathe useto lwelizwe jikelele lwenkqubo.
2. /etc/yum.repos.d – olu luhlu lugcina iifayile zoqwalaselo kwindawo yogcino nganye apho iYUM ikhuphela khona iipakethe.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemizekelo

Masisebenzise i-Nginx njengesiseko semizekelo yethu. Ukufakela ipakethe, sebenzisa lo myalelo:

yum install nginx

Ibonisa ulwazi lwepakethe:

yum info nginx

Bonisa uluhlu lohlaziyo olukhoyo lweNginx:

yum check-update nginx

Yenza uhlaziyo kuguqulelo lwamva nje:

yum update nginx

Susa inkqubo kwisixokelelwano:

yum remove nginx

Hlaziya zonke iipakethe ezifakiweyo ngalo myalelo ulandelayo:

yum update

Ukuba ufuna kuphela ukujonga uhlaziyo olukhoyo ngaphandle kokulufaka:

yum check-update

Masiqhubele phambili kwimizekelo enzima ngakumbi, ebandakanya iiparamitha kunye neeflegi ezixoxwe ngaphambili.

Faka iphakheji ye-nginx ngaphandle kwemveliso kwaye ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa, usebenzisa ifayile yoqwalaselo /etc/yum.conf:

yum -q -y -C install nginx

Hlaziya zonke iipakethe, ngaphandle kwe-kernel, kunye nemveliso eneenkcukacha:

yum -v --exclude=kernel update

Susa iphakheji ye-Apache kunye nazo zonke izinto ezixhomekeke kuyo, ukuvumela ukususwa kweepakethe ezifakwe ngexesha lale nkqubo:

yum -y remove httpd --allowerasing

isishwankathelo

Njengaso nasiphi na isixhobo, iYUM inamandla kunye nobuthathaka bayo. Izibonelelo zayo ziquka:

1. I-YUM ibonelela ngojongano olulula nolucacileyo lokulawula iipakethe.
2. Ilawula ngokuzenzekelayo ukuxhomekeka ngexesha lofakelo okanye ukususwa kweepakethi.
3. Ivumela ukufikelela kwiindawo zokugcina ezisembindini eziqulethe amawaka eepakethe ezilungele ukusetyenziswa.
4. Ixhasa into yohlaziyo oluzenzekelayo.

Ukungancedi kubandakanya:

1. Isantya. Ixesha lokwenziwa linokucotha, ngakumbi xa ujongana nomthamo omkhulu wedatha okanye uthungelwano olucothayo.
2. Uhlaziyo lweDatabase. Eminye imisebenzi ifuna uhlaziyo lwesiseko sedatha yephakheji, esinokucothisa inkqubo yolawulo lwephakheji.
3. Inkxaso encinci yeenguqulelo zephakheji. I-YUM ngamanye amaxesha ibonelela ngeenguqulelo zepakethe ezindala kuphela, ezinokuba yingxaki ukuba ufuna inguqulelo yamva nje yesoftware.
4. Ulungelelwaniso lovimba. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuseta ii-repositories ezongezelelweyo kuyimfuneko ukufikelela kwiipakethe okanye iinguqulelo ezithile.

Ngokubanzi, i-YUM sisixhobo esinamandla kwaye esifanelekileyo sokulawula iipakethi kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kwi-Red Hat, kodwa njengayo nayiphi na isofthiwe, ineenzuzo kunye nokungonakali ekufuneka kuqwalaselwe xa usebenzisa.

Abaphathi bePhakeji bayimfuneko

Zombini i-APT kunye ne-YUM zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni isoftware kwiLinux, ibonelela ngofikelelo olulula kwiipakethe kunye nohlaziyo. Ngaphandle kokwahluka kwi-syntax kunye neempawu, aba baphathi bephakheji baqinisekisa ulawulo olusebenzayo lokuxhomekeka kunye nohlaziyo lwesoftware. Nokuba luluphi ukhetho, umphathi wepakethe nganye uhlala esisixhobo esiyimfuneko sokuhlohla izicelo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba Abahleli bombhalo weLinux okanye nayiphi na enye isoftware.